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The first computer-based functional programming language was Information Processing Language (IPL), developed by Newell, Shaw, and Simon at RAND Corporation for the JOHNNIAC computer in the mid-1950s. Combinatory logic, which is commonly perceived as more abstract than lambda calculus, preceded lambda-calculus in invention. It was originally developed to achieve a larger goal: a clearer approach to the foundations of mathematics.
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Though it is a mathematical abstraction rather than a programming language, lambda calculus forms the basis of almost all functional programming languages today.Ĭombinatory logic is an equivalent theoretical foundation, developed by Moses Schönfinkel and Haskell Curry. Lambda calculus, invented by Alonzo Church in the 1930s, provides a theoretical framework for describing functions and their evaluation. Important influences on functional programming have been the lambda calculus, the APL programming language, the Lisp programming language, and more recently the Haskell programming language.
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However, notable functional programming languages used in industry and commercial applications include Erlang (concurrent applications), R (statistics), Mathematica (symbolic math), J and K (financial analysis), and domain-specific programming languages like XSLT.
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Other common features of functional programming languages are continuations, Hindley-Milner type inference systems, non-strict evaluation (including, but not limited to, " laziness"), and monads.įunctional programming languages, especially "purely functional" ones, have largely been emphasized in academia rather than in commercial software development. Often considered important are higher-order and first-class functions, closures, and recursion.
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Functional programming emphasizes the application of functions, in contrast with imperative programming, which emphasizes changes in state and the execution of sequential commands.Ī broader conception of functional programming simply defines a set of common concerns and themes rather than a list of distinctions from other paradigms. Related subjects: Computer Programmingįunctional programming is a programming paradigm that conceives computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data.
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